The twelve are not ours. They come from Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe by Carlos López-Otín, Maria A. Blasco, Linda Partridge, Manuel Serrano and Guido Kroemer (Cell 186, 243–278, 2023), which added three to the nine the same five set out in The Hallmarks of Aging in 2013. Here we describe them to you — so you can understand them and feel them. And we filmed Guido Kroemer, one of the five, on the quest.

The repair pool runs low.
The repair pool runs low.
09

Stem cell exhaustion

The repair pool runs low

Every tissue keeps a reserve of unspecialised cells — apprentices, waiting to replace the workers who wear out. The reserve shrinks over the years, and the ones left answer the call more slowly. It is why a cut closes in three days at sixteen and takes a fortnight at sixty.

What you can dosomething you can do

Nothing you can buy, and clinics offering stem cell injections for ageing are selling well ahead of the evidence. What protects the reserve is unglamorous and free: sleep, enough protein, lifting something heavy twice a week, and not smoking.

The science, in one sentence

The reserve of cells that replaces worn-out tissue shrinks and answers more slowly, so healing slows and tissues thin.

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